NRS: CHAPTER 707 - TELECOMMUNICATIONS

[Rev. 11/6/2011 3:38:23 PM]

CHAPTER 707 - TELECOMMUNICATIONS

GENERAL PROVISIONS

NRS 707.005 Definitions.

NRS 707.015 “Basic network service” defined.

NRS 707.025 “Telecommunication provider” and “telephone company” defined.

NRS 707.035 “Telecommunication service” and “telephone service” defined.

CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TELEGRAPH LINES

NRS 707.230 Authorization.

NRS 707.240 Certificate required to be filed with and recorded by Secretary of State; contents; fees.

NRS 707.250 Construction, operation and maintenance of lines over public and private lands; rates.

NRS 707.270 Lines governed by general laws; transmission of certain messages in order; penalty and civil liability; State may send messages free of charge.

NRS 707.280 Right-of-way for line: Procedure for appraisal and compensation for private land; appeal.

NRS 707.290 Forfeiture of rights, privileges and franchise for failure to maintain line; quo warranto.

TELEPHONE AND WIRELESS SERVICE

Rights and Responsibilities of Owners of Telephone Lines

NRS 707.300 Applicability of NRS 707.230 to 707.290, inclusive.

Rights and Responsibilities of Providers and Customers

NRS 707.340 Public utility furnishing telephone service required to assist peace officers in tracing certain callers; immunity for good faith reliance; limitations concerning wiretapping.

NRS 707.355 Public utility furnishing telephone service and other providers required to disconnect telephone number pursuant to court order or order of Public Utilities Commission of Nevada; such providers prohibited from forwarding calls or providing recorded message with new number for disconnected telephone number.

NRS 707.370 Provider of cellular or other portable service required to provide access at no charge to telephone number to be used in emergency.

NRS 707.375 State and local entities prohibited from regulating use of certain telephonic devices by persons operating motor vehicles.

Lifeline, Link Up and Enhanced 911 Services

NRS 707.400 Definitions.

NRS 707.410 “Commission” defined.

NRS 707.420 “Department” defined.

NRS 707.430 “Eligible customer” defined.

NRS 707.440 “Eligible provider” defined.

NRS 707.450 “Lifeline” defined.

NRS 707.460 “Link up” defined.

NRS 707.470 Department to provide list of eligible customers to each eligible provider; contents of list; update of list; regulations.

NRS 707.480 Eligible provider to notify eligible customers regarding default receipt of lifeline and link up services; contents of notification; declination of services; billing for services; duration of lifeline services.

NRS 707.490 Reduction in telephone rates provided by lifeline or link up services: Methods for determining; applicability; reimbursement.

NRS 707.500 Enhanced 911 service: Immunity from liability for certain entities providing service through public safety answering point in certain circumstances.

Facilities for Personal Wireless Service

NRS 707.550 Definitions.

NRS 707.555 “Facility for personal wireless service” defined.

NRS 707.560 “Land use authority” defined.

NRS 707.565 “Personal wireless service” defined.

NRS 707.570 “Telecommunications tower” defined.

NRS 707.575 Procedures and standards for review and approval of application to construct facility; requirements following denial of application; limitations on power of land use authority.

NRS 707.580 Assessment of costs incurred to process application.

NRS 707.585 Written decision required upon denial of application; contents of decision; filing of decision and record with court upon bringing action against land use authority.

UNLAWFUL ACTS; PENALTIES

NRS 707.900 Penalty for interception, interruption or delay of message sent over telephone line.

NRS 707.910 Penalty for damaging or interfering with use of telegraph or telephone line.

NRS 707.920 Civil liability for violation of NRS 707.910.

_________

GENERAL PROVISIONS

NRS 707.005 Definitions. As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise requires, the words and terms defined in NRS 707.015, 707.025 and 707.035 have the meanings ascribed to them in those sections.

(Added to NRS by 2007, 708)

NRS 707.015 “Basic network service” defined. “Basic network service” has the meaning ascribed to it in NRS 704.006.

(Added to NRS by 2007, 709)

NRS 707.025 “Telecommunication provider” and “telephone company” defined. “Telecommunication provider” or “telephone company” has the meaning ascribed to it in NRS 704.027.

(Added to NRS by 2007, 709)

NRS 707.035 “Telecommunication service” and “telephone service” defined. “Telecommunication service” or “telephone service” has the meaning ascribed to it in NRS 704.028.

(Added to NRS by 2007, 709)

CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TELEGRAPH LINES

NRS 707.230 Authorization. Any person or persons, company, association or corporation, desiring to do so, may construct and maintain, or, if already constructed, may maintain, or, if partially constructed, may complete and maintain, within this state, a telegraph line or lines by complying with NRS 707.240.

[1:17:1866; B § 3490; BH § 915; C § 1045; RL § 4624; NCL § 7666]

NRS 707.240 Certificate required to be filed with and recorded by Secretary of State; contents; fees.

1. The person or persons, or the president or the managing agent of the company, association or corporation mentioned in NRS 707.230, shall make, sign and acknowledge, before some person authorized by law to take acknowledgments of deeds, a certificate in writing setting forth:

(a) The name or names of the person or persons, company, association or corporation (as the case may be) by whom the line is to be operated.

(b) The names of the points or places constituting the termini of the line within this state.

2. The certificate shall be filed and recorded in the Office of the Secretary of State, for which such person or persons, company, association or corporation shall pay the Secretary of State, for deposit in the General Fund, the sum of $5, and also 25 cents for each folio contained in the certificate.

3. The record of the certificates shall give constructive notice to all persons of the matter therein contained. The work of constructing such line, if not already commenced or completed within 30 days after the filing of the certificate aforesaid, shall be continued, with all reasonable dispatch, until completed.

[2:17:1866; B § 3491; BH § 916; C § 1046; RL § 4625; NCL § 7667]—(NRS A 1959, 222)

NRS 707.250 Construction, operation and maintenance of lines over public and private lands; rates. The person or persons, company, association or corporation named in the certificate (provided for in NRS 707.240), and their assigns:

1. May construct, or if constructed, maintain, or if partially constructed, complete and maintain, their line of telegraph, described in their certificate, filed as provided in NRS 707.240, over and through any public or private lands, and along or across any streets, alleys, roads, highways or streams within this state, provided they do not obstruct the same;

2. May operate the telegraph line between the termini of the same, and have and maintain offices and stations at any city, town, place or point along the line; and

3. Shall be entitled to demand, receive and collect for dispatches and messages transmitted over such line such sum or sums as such person or persons or the officers of the company, association or corporation (as the case may be) may deem proper.

[3:17:1866; B § 3492; BH § 917; C § 1047; RL § 4626; NCL § 7668]

NRS 707.270 Lines governed by general laws; transmission of certain messages in order; penalty and civil liability; State may send messages free of charge.

1. Such line or lines of telegraph as may avail themselves of the provisions of NRS 707.230 to 707.290, inclusive, shall also be governed, in all respects, by the general laws of the State regulating telegraph lines, and shall do the business of side lines, and transmit all dispatches in the order in which they are received, under the penalty of $100. All damages sustained thereby shall be recovered, with costs of suit, by the person or persons whose dispatch is postponed out of its order; provided:

(a) That arrangements may be made with publishers of newspapers for the transmission of intelligence of general and public interest out of its order; and

(b) That preference may be given to official dispatches for the detection and capture of criminals.

2. Messages on public business may be sent by the State of Nevada over such lines free of charge.

[5:17:1866; B § 3494; BH § 919; C § 1049; RL § 4628; NCL § 7670]

NRS 707.280 Right-of-way for line: Procedure for appraisal and compensation for private land; appeal.

1. Any person or the person’s assigns, who are constructing, or who have already constructed, or who may propose to construct, a line of telegraph, as provided in NRS 707.230 to 707.290, inclusive, has the right-of-way for the line and so much land as may be necessary to construct and maintain the line, and for this purpose may enter upon private lands along the line described in the certificate for the purpose of examining and surveying them.

2. Where the lands cannot be obtained by the consent of the owner or possessor thereof, so much of the land as may be necessary for the construction of the line may be appropriated by the person or the person’s assigns (as the case may be), after making compensation therefor, as follows. The person or the person’s agent shall select one appraiser, and the owner or possessor shall select one, and the two so selected shall select a third. The three shall appraise the lands sought to be appropriated, after having been first sworn, before a person authorized by law to administer oaths, to make a true appraisement thereof, according to the best of their knowledge and belief.

3. If the person or the person’s agent tenders to the owner or possessor the appraised value of the lands, appraised as provided in subsection 2, the person or agent may proceed in the construction, or, if constructed, in the use of the line over the land so appraised, and may maintain the line over and upon the land, and at all times enter upon the land and pass over all adjoining lands for the purpose of constructing, maintaining and repairing the telegraph line, not withstanding the tender may be refused. The tender must always be kept good by the person or the person’s agent.

4. An appeal may be taken by either party, from the finding of the appraisers, to the district court of the county within which the land so appraised is situated at any time within 3 months after the appraisement.

[6:17:1866; B § 3495; BH § 920; C § 1050; RL § 4629; NCL § 7671]—(NRS A 1985, 1223)

NRS 707.290 Forfeiture of rights, privileges and franchise for failure to maintain line; quo warranto. The owner or owners of any line or lines constructed and maintained pursuant to the provisions of NRS 707.230 to 707.290, inclusive, shall at all times keep the same in as good condition and repair as may be practicable. If such owner or owners shall fail to keep the same in such condition and repair, such failure shall work a forfeiture of all rights, privileges and franchise belonging to such owner or owners, or any person having any interest therein. Such franchise may be also declared forfeited on information in the nature of a quo warranto, in the manner provided by law.

[7:17:1866; B § 3496; BH § 921; C § 1051; RL § 4630; NCL § 7672]

TELEPHONE AND WIRELESS SERVICE

Rights and Responsibilities of Owners of Telephone Lines

NRS 707.300 Applicability of NRS 707.230 to 707.290, inclusive. All persons or corporations owning and operating telephone lines in this state are entitled to all the rights and privileges and are subject to all the restrictions and responsibilities provided in NRS 707.230 to 707.290, inclusive, so far as those rights, privileges, restrictions and responsibilities are applicable to telephone companies.

[1:23:1897; A 1905, 151; RL § 4631; NCL § 7680]—(NRS A 1999, 809)

Rights and Responsibilities of Providers and Customers

NRS 707.340 Public utility furnishing telephone service required to assist peace officers in tracing certain callers; immunity for good faith reliance; limitations concerning wiretapping.

1. Every public utility furnishing telephone service in this state shall provide any lawful assistance requested by a sheriff or the sheriff’s deputy, or chief of police or police officer, in tracing a person who uses:

(a) The 911 emergency telephone number or other emergency telephone service.

(b) Obscene language, representations or suggestions in addressing a person by telephone, or addresses to the person any threat to inflict injury to the person or property of the person addressed, when the request is made in writing to the public utility.

2. Good faith reliance by the public utility on such a request constitutes a complete defense to any civil or criminal suit against the public utility on account of assistance rendered by the utility in responding to the request.

3. The provisions of subsection 1 do not permit wiretapping, which may be engaged in only pursuant to the provisions of NRS 179.410 to 179.515, inclusive, and 704.195.

(Added to NRS by 1971, 856; A 1973, 1750; 1989, 658; 1991, 59)

1. Each provider of telephone service in this State shall, when notified that:

(a) A court has ordered the disconnection of a telephone number pursuant to NRS 706.2855; or

(b) The Public Utilities Commission of Nevada has ordered the disconnection of a telephone number pursuant to NRS 703.175, after receiving a request to disconnect the telephone number from the State Contractors’ Board pursuant to NRS 624.720, the Board of Massage Therapists pursuant to NRS 640C.930 or the Nevada Transportation Authority pursuant to NRS 706.758,

Ê take such action as is necessary to carry out the order of the court or the Public Utilities Commission of Nevada.

2. A provider of telephone service shall not:

(a) Forward or offer to forward the telephone calls of a telephone number disconnected from service pursuant to the provisions of this section; or

(b) Provide or offer to provide a recorded message that includes the new telephone number for a business whose telephone number was disconnected from service pursuant to the provisions of this section.

3. As used in this section, “provider of telephone service” includes, but is not limited to:

(a) A public utility furnishing telephone service.

(b) A provider of cellular or other service to a telephone that is installed in a vehicle or is otherwise portable.

(Added to NRS by 1997, 1544; A 1999, 2858; 2009, 2585)

NRS 707.370 Provider of cellular or other portable service required to provide access at no charge to telephone number to be used in emergency. A person authorized by the Federal Communications Commission to provide cellular or other service to a telephone installed in a vehicle or otherwise portable shall provide access at no charge for each customer to a telephone number to be used in an emergency if the supplier operates within the boundaries of a system to provide such a number.

(Added to NRS by 1993, 873)

NRS 707.375 State and local entities prohibited from regulating use of certain telephonic devices by persons operating motor vehicles.

1. Except as otherwise provided in NRS 484B.165, an agency, board, commission or political subdivision of this State, including, without limitation, any agency, board, commission or governing body of a local government, shall not regulate the use of a telephonic device by a person who is operating a motor vehicle.

2. As used in subsection 1, “telephonic device” means a cellular phone, satellite phone, portable phone or any other similar electronic device that is handheld and designed or used to communicate with another person.

(Added to NRS by 2003, 1251; A 2011, 3649)

Lifeline, Link Up and Enhanced 911 Services

NRS 707.400 Definitions. As used in NRS 707.400 to 707.500, inclusive, the words and terms defined in NRS 707.410 to 707.460, inclusive, have the meanings ascribed to them in those sections.

(Added to NRS by 1999, 738)

NRS 707.410 “Commission” defined. “Commission” means the Public Utilities Commission of Nevada.

(Added to NRS by 1999, 739)

NRS 707.420 “Department” defined. “Department” means the Department of Health and Human Services.

(Added to NRS by 1999, 739)

NRS 707.430 “Eligible customer” defined. “Eligible customer” means a customer who is eligible to receive lifeline or link up services.

(Added to NRS by 1999, 739)

NRS 707.440 “Eligible provider” defined. “Eligible provider” means a telecommunication provider that has been designated as an eligible telecommunications carrier by the Commission to receive universal service support pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 214, as that section existed on January 1, 1999.

(Added to NRS by 1999, 739; A 2007, 709)

NRS 707.450 “Lifeline” defined. “Lifeline” has the meaning ascribed to it in 47 C.F.R. § 54.401(a), as that section existed on January 1, 1999.

(Added to NRS by 1999, 739)

NRS 707.460 “Link up” defined. “Link up” has the meaning ascribed to it in 47 C.F.R. § 54.411(a), as that section existed on January 1, 1999.

(Added to NRS by 1999, 739)

NRS 707.470 Department to provide list of eligible customers to each eligible provider; contents of list; update of list; regulations.

1. The Department shall provide to each eligible provider a list of eligible customers, as determined by criteria adopted by the Public Utilities Commission of Nevada or the Federal Communications Commission, as appropriate, who are located within the service area of the eligible provider. The list must include:

(a) The name and address of each eligible customer; and

(b) If applicable, the telephone number of each eligible customer.

2. Every 6 months the Department shall provide to each eligible provider an updated list of the eligible customers in this State.

3. The Department may adopt such regulations as are necessary to coordinate the acquisition and provision of the information required to be provided pursuant to this section.

(Added to NRS by 1999, 739)

1. An eligible provider, within 7 days after determining that a person located in its service area is an eligible customer, shall notify the eligible customer that the eligible customer will receive lifeline or link up services, or both, unless the eligible customer specifically declines to receive the services. The notification must include:

(a) Information about the lifeline and link up services, including, without limitation, the date on which the services will begin and any options or responsibilities that the eligible customer may have related to the receipt of those services;

(b) A self-addressed, postage paid response card which the eligible customer must return to the eligible provider to decline the services; and

(c) A statement that the eligible provider will automatically provide lifeline or link up services, or both, to the eligible customer unless the eligible customer declines the services by timely returning to the eligible provider the response card included with the notification.

2. To decline lifeline or link up services, an eligible customer must return the response card included in the notification provided pursuant to subsection 1 to the eligible provider not later than 10 days before the date on which the services are scheduled to begin.

3. An eligible provider shall begin billing an eligible customer for lifeline or link up services, or both, not later than 60 days after the date on which the eligible provider receives the list of eligible customers from the Department which includes the eligible customer, if the eligible customer has not declined the services.

4. An eligible provider shall continue providing lifeline services to an eligible customer for as long as the eligible customer continues to receive telecommunication services from the eligible provider until the customer or the Department notifies the eligible provider that the customer is no longer eligible for the program. The eligible provider shall discontinue providing lifeline services to an eligible customer if the eligible customer notifies the eligible provider in writing that the eligible customer wishes to discontinue receiving those services.

(Added to NRS by 1999, 739)

NRS 707.490 Reduction in telephone rates provided by lifeline or link up services: Methods for determining; applicability; reimbursement.

1. The reduction in the telephone rates provided by lifeline or link up services must be based on the methods for determining reductions which are adopted by the Commission by regulation. The Commission may provide different methods for determining reductions to allow for differences between eligible providers. The methods may include, without limitation:

(a) Basing the reduction on the tariff filed by the eligible provider with the Commission; or

(b) Establishing a formula pursuant to which the amount of the reduction may be determined.

2. The reduction in such telephone rates applies only to:

(a) Basic network service; and

(b) Residential service connection charges for such basic network service.

3. If the amount of the reduction in rates provided by an eligible provider to an eligible customer for lifeline services is greater than the amount which the eligible provider receives as universal service support pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 254, the eligible provider is entitled to reimbursement from the fund to maintain the availability of telephone service established by the Commission pursuant to NRS 704.040 for the difference between the amount of the reduction and the amount received as universal service support pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 254.

(Added to NRS by 1999, 740; A 2007, 709)

NRS 707.500 Enhanced 911 service: Immunity from liability for certain entities providing service through public safety answering point in certain circumstances.

1. A telephone company, person providing wireless or commercial mobile radio service, public safety answering point, or manufacturer supplying equipment to a telephone company or public safety answering point, or any agent thereof, is not liable to any person who uses an enhanced 911 service for:

(a) The release of the telephone number and street address of the telephone used to place the 911 telephone call, including telephone numbers which are not published, if the release was made in good faith;

(b) The failure of any equipment or procedure in connection with the provision of an enhanced 911 service; or

Ê while providing, or while in training to provide, services through a public safety answering point.

2. As used in this section:

(a) “Enhanced 911 service” means a service consisting of telephone network features and public safety answering points provided for persons using the public telephone system to reach the appropriate public service answering point by dialing the digits 9-1-1, by using selective routing, if required, based on the location from which the call originated, and providing at the public safety answering point automatic number identification and automatic location identification.

(b) “Public safety answering point” means a facility, operated 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, that is responsible for receiving 911 telephone calls and directly dispatching emergency response services, or transferring or relaying 911 telephone calls to other public safety agencies. A public safety answering point is the first point of reception by a public safety agency of 911 telephone calls and serves the jurisdiction in which it is located and other participating jurisdictions.

(Added to NRS by 1999, 740)

Facilities for Personal Wireless Service

NRS 707.550 Definitions. As used in NRS 707.550 to 707.585, inclusive, unless the context otherwise requires, the words and terms defined in NRS 707.555 to 707.570, inclusive, have the meanings ascribed to them in those sections.

(Added to NRS by 2003, 1860)

NRS 707.555 “Facility for personal wireless service” defined. “Facility for personal wireless service” includes any building, structure, antenna and other equipment used to provide personal wireless service. The term includes a telecommunications tower.

(Added to NRS by 2003, 1860)

NRS 707.560 “Land use authority” defined. “Land use authority” means an agency, bureau, board, commission, department, division, officer or employee of the State or of a local government authorized by law to take action on an application to construct a facility for personal wire service.

(Added to NRS by 2003, 1860)

NRS 707.565 “Personal wireless service” defined. “Personal wireless service” has the meaning ascribed to it in 47 U.S.C. § 332(c)(7)(C), as that provision existed on July 1, 2003.

(Added to NRS by 2003, 1860)

NRS 707.570 “Telecommunications tower” defined. “Telecommunications tower” means any freestanding tower, monopole or similar structure used to provide personal wireless services.

(Added to NRS by 2003, 1860)

NRS 707.575 Procedures and standards for review and approval of application to construct facility; requirements following denial of application; limitations on power of land use authority.

1. Notwithstanding any specific statute or ordinance to the contrary, a land use authority with jurisdiction over an application to construct a facility for personal wireless service shall:

(a) Establish procedures and standards for the review and approval of such an application, including, without limitation, procedures for:

(1) Review and approval of such an application by administrative staff pursuant to this section; and

(2) Consideration of such an application by the land use authority if the administrative staff denies the application; and

(b) Authorize administrative staff to review and approve such an application pursuant to this section.

2. The administrative staff authorized to review and approve an application to construct a facility for personal wireless service may approve such an application if:

(a) The applicant complies with the procedures established by the land use authority pursuant to this section;

(b) The facility for personal wireless service meets the standards established by the land use authority pursuant to this section;

(c) The applicant is a provider of wireless telecommunications that is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission to provide wireless telecommunications services over a designated radio frequency and authorized to do business in this state; and

(d) The facility for personal wireless service is to be:

(1) Architecturally integrated with its surroundings so that it appears to be an architectural feature of a building or other structure and its nature as a facility for personal wireless service is not readily apparent;

(2) Collocated with a facility for personal wireless service approved, or capable of being approved, by the land use authority, if the facility for personal wireless service that is the subject of the application is architecturally integrated as described in subparagraph (1) at least to the extent that the facility for personal wireless service with which it is to be collocated is architecturally integrated;

(3) Constructed on an existing building or structure owned by a public utility or on property owned by the State or by a local government; or

(4) If constructed on an existing building or structure not owned by a public utility, architecturally compatible with the building or structure.

3. If the administrative staff authorized pursuant to this section to review and approve an application to construct a facility for personal wireless service denies such an application, the administrative staff shall provide to the applicant and the land use authority a written explanation that identifies each procedure and standard that the applicant, application or facility for personal wireless service failed to meet.

4. The land use authority shall not:

(a) Consider the environmental effects of radio frequency emissions from a facility for personal wireless service if the facility complies with the regulations of the Federal Communications Commission concerning such emissions.

(b) If the application to construct a facility for personal wireless services requests the use of a public right-of-way, deny the application based on the use of the public right-of-way if the proposed use:

(1) Meets all applicable state and local requirements for use of a public right-of-way, including, without limitation, any requirements established by the land use authority; and

(2) Does not endanger the public health or safety.

(Added to NRS by 2003, 1860)

NRS 707.580 Assessment of costs incurred to process application. A land use authority, in connection with an application to construct a facility for personal wireless service, may assess the applicant for the actual costs incurred by the land use authority to process the application.

(Added to NRS by 2003, 1861)

NRS 707.585 Written decision required upon denial of application; contents of decision; filing of decision and record with court upon bringing action against land use authority.

1. A land use authority that denies the approval of an application to construct a facility for personal wireless service shall issue a written decision. The decision must:

(a) Set forth with specificity each ground on which the authority denied the approval of the application; and

(b) Describe the documents relied upon by the land use authority in making its decision.

2. A person who brings an action against a land use authority pursuant to NRS 278.0233 shall file a copy of the decision and record with the court.

(Added to NRS by 2003, 1861)

UNLAWFUL ACTS; PENALTIES

NRS 707.900 Penalty for interception, interruption or delay of message sent over telephone line. Every person who shall intercept, read or in any manner interrupt or delay the sending of a message over any telephone line shall be guilty of a gross misdemeanor.

[Part 1911 C&P § 487; RL § 6752; NCL § 10434]—(NRS A 1967, 666)

NRS 707.910 Penalty for damaging or interfering with use of telegraph or telephone line. Any person who:

1. By the attachment of a ground wire, or by any other contrivance, willfully destroys the insulation of a telegraph or telephone line, or interrupts the transmission of the electric current through the line;

2. Willfully interferes with the use of any telegraph or telephone line, or obstructs or postpones the transmission of any message over the line; or

3. Procures or advises any such injury, interference or obstruction,

Ê is guilty of a public offense, as prescribed in NRS 193.155, proportionate to the value of any property damaged, altered, removed or destroyed and in no event less than a misdemeanor.

[8:86:1864; B § 3504; BH § 929; C § 1059; RL § 4610; NCL § 7652]—(NRS A 1967, 665; 1979, 1495; 1999, 809)

NRS 707.920 Civil liability for violation of NRS 707.910. Any person found to be in violation of the provisions of NRS 707.910 is, in addition to the penalties therein prescribed, liable to the person damaged in a civil suit for all damages occasioned thereby.

[9:86:1864; B § 3505; BH § 930; C § 1060; RL § 4611; NCL § 7653]—(NRS A 1999, 809)